Metastatic Melanoma of the Common Bile Duct Presented with Dyspepsia.

Malignant melanoma (MM) is an aggressive tumor that can metastasize to any organ, but biliary tract metastasis is scarce. We describe a very rare case of MM metastasis to the common bile duct (CBD), presented with only dyspeptic symptoms. The patient had mildly elevated alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography demonstrated a dilated common bile duct with a distal stricture. The MM diagnosis was established with the ampulla of Vater biopsy specimens obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and the patient's symptoms were resolved after biliary stenting. Both primary CBD cancer and other cancer types like MM that metastasize to CBD can cause obstruction and can be manifested only by dyspeptic symptoms. MM metastasis to CBD can cause obstruction manifested only by dyspeptic symptoms without obstructive jaundice. ERCP can be employed as a promising option for treatment and diagnosis. New-onset dyspeptic symptoms in patients with a history of MM should be investigated thoroughly, especially in the context of biliary metastasis.

Enlightening the neuroprotective effect of quercetin in epilepsy: From mechanism to therapeutic opportunities.

Epilepsy is a devastating neurological disorder characterized by the repeated occurrence of epileptic seizures. Epilepsy stands as a global health concern affecting around 70 million people worldwide. The mainstream antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) only exert symptomatic relief and drug-resistant epilepsy occurs in up to 33 percent of patients. Hence, the investigation of novel therapeutic strategies against epileptic seizures that could exert disease modifying effects is of paramount importance. In this context, compounds of natural origin with potential antiepileptic properties have recently gained increasing attention. Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid with several pharmacological activities. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the antiepileptic potential of quercetin as well. Herein, based on the available evidence, we discuss the neuroprotective effects of quercetin against epileptic seizures and further analyze the plausible underlying molecular mechanisms. Our review suggests that quercetin might be a potential therapeutic candidate against epilepsy that deserves further investigation, and paves the way for the development of plant-derived antiepileptic treatment approaches.